Knowledge Base

The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.

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Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Behaviour of migrating birds exposed to X-band radar and a bright light beam Bruderer, B.; Peter, D.; Steuri, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Lighting, EMF Birds
Evaluation of Lighting Schemes for Offshore Wind Facilities and Impacts to Local Environments Orr, T.; Herz, S.; Oakley, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Lighting
Assessing bird avoidance of high-contrast lights using a choice test approach: implications for reducing human-induced avian mortality Goller, B.; Blackwell, B.; DeVault, T.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Lighting Birds
Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans: Public Health Issues Walker, R.; Swift, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Lighting, Noise Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Night Migrant Fatalities And Obstruction Lighting At Wind Turbines In North America Kerlinger, P.; Gehring, J.; Erickson, W.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy Lighting, Collision Birds
Red Aviation Lights on Wind Turbines do not Increase Bat-Turbine Collisions Hale, A.; Bennett, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Lighting, Collision Bats
Response of Night-Migrating Songbirds in Cloud to Colored and Flashing Light Evans, W.; Akashi, Y.; Altman, N.; et al. Journal Article Lighting Birds, Passerines
Green Light For Nocturnally Migrating Birds Poot, H.; Ens, B.; De Vries, H.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Lighting Birds
Collision Course: The Hazards of Lighted Structures and Windows to Migrating Birds Ogden, L. Report Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Lighting Birds
PHAROS4MPAs: A Review of Solutions to Avoid and Mitigate Environmental Impacts of Offshore Windfarms Defingou, M.; Bils, F.; Horchler, B.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Safeguarding Marine Protected Areas in the Growing Mediterranean Blue Economy: Recommendations for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector WWF France Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Lighting, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Influences of Artificial Light on Marine Birds Montevecchi, W. Book Chapter Lighting Birds, Seabirds
The Effects of Light Characteristics on Avian Mortality at Lighthouses Jones, J.; Francis, C. Journal Article Lighting, Attraction Birds
Light-Induced Bird Strikes on Vessels in Southwest Greenland Merkel, F.; Johansen, K. Journal Article Lighting Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl
Summary of Discussions from the Bird and Bat Specialist Committee of the Environmental Technical Working Group (E-TWG) New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Lighting Bats, Birds
Near-term ecological forecasting for dynamic aeroconservation of migratory birds Horton, K.; Van Doren, B.; Albers, H.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Lighting Birds, Human Dimensions, Navigation
Do Raptors React to Ultraviolet Light? Hunt, W.; McClure, C.; Allison, T. Journal Article Lighting Birds, Raptors
Annoyance of residents induced by wind turbine obstruction lights: A cross-country comparison of impact factors Pohl, J.; Rudolph, D.; Lyhne, I.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Lighting Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Is setback distance the best criteria for siting wind turbines under crowded conditions? An empirical analysis Peri, E.; Tal, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Lighting, Noise Human Dimensions
Comparison of Avian Responses to UV-Light-Reflective Paint on Wind Turbines Young, D.; Erickson, W.; Strickland, M.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Lighting, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Do demand-based obstruction lights on wind turbines increase community annoyance? Evidence from a Danish case Aaen, S.; Lyhne, I.; Rudolph, D.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Lighting Human Dimensions, Navigation, Social & Economic Data
Guidelines for Lighting and Marking of Structures Supporting Renewable Energy Development Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Lighting Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Communication Towers, Lights, and Birds: Successful Methods of Reducing the Frequency of Avian Collisions Gehring, J.; Kerlinger, P.; Manville, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Lighting Bats, Birds, Fish
Technological solutions to reduce the environmental impacts of wind-energy systems Megavind Report Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
The Dark Side of Light: A Transdisciplinary Research Agenda for Light Pollution Policy Hölker, F.; Moss, T.; Griefhan, B.; et al. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Lighting
Deepwater Wind Block Island Environmental Assessment and Statement of Findings US Army Corps of Engineers Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Barriers and Benefits: Implications of Artificial Night-Lighting for the Distribution of Common Bats in Britain and Ireland Mathews, F.; Roche, N.; Aughney, T.; et al. Journal Article Lighting Bats
Offshore Obstruction Lighting - Issues and Mitigation Blew, J.; Nehls, G.; Prall, U. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Lighting Birds
Green Light to Birds: Investigation into the Effect of Bird-Friendly Lighting van de Laar, F. Report Lighting Birds, Passerines, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Endogenous cycles, activity patterns and energy expenditure of an intertidal fish is modified by artificial light pollution at night (ALAN) Pulgar, J.; Zeballos, D.; Vargas, J.; et al. Journal Article Lighting Fish
Attraction of nocturnally migrating birds to artificial light: The influence of colour, intensity and blinking mode under different cloud cover conditions Rebke, M.; Dierschke, V.; Weiner, C.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Lighting Birds
The influence of wind turbine visibility on the health of local residents: a systematic review Freiberg, A.; Schefter, C.; Hegewald, J.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy Lighting, Noise Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Spoiled darkness? Sense of place and annoyance over obstruction lights from the world’s largest wind turbine test centre in Denmark Rudolph, D.; Kirkegaard, J.; Lyhne, I.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Lighting Visual Impacts, Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Effect of anthropogenic light on bird movement, habitat selection, and distribution: A systematic map protocol Adams, C.; Blumenthal, A.; Fernández-Juricic, E.; et al. Journal Article Lighting Birds
South Fork Wind Farm Construction and Operations Plan Ørsted; Eversource Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
National Environmental Policy Act Documentation for Impact-Producing Factors in the Offshore Wind Cumulative Impacts Scenario on the South Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Justice, Fisheries, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore Maine Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM); US Department of the Interior (DOI) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement

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