Knowledge Base
The Knowledge Base provides access to information about the environmental effects of marine and wind energy, supporting OES-Environmental and WREN initiatives. Relevant documents and OES-Environmental metadata forms are compiled into a user-friendly table with advanced filtering. Filters may be selected on the right, or keywords entered in the Search Text box. Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers.
As an alternative to the Knowledge Base, check out the Map Viewer to access geotagged content in a spatial view.
| Title | Author* | Date** | Type of Content | Technology Types | Stressors |
Receptors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Large-scale citizen science improves assessment of risk posed by wind farms to bats in southern Scotland | Newson, S., et al. | November 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Displacement | Bats |
| Behavior of Bats at Wind Turbines | Cryan, P., et al. | October 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement | Bats |
| Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Bats: Questions, Research Needs, and Hypotheses | Kunz, T., et al. | August 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats |
| Estimating habitat loss due to wind turbine avoidance by bats: Implications for European siting guidance | Barre, K., et al. | August 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats |
| How to Mitigate Impacts of Wind Farms on Bats? A Review of Potential Conservation Measures in the European Context | Peste, F., et al. | February 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats |
| Research Priorities for Wind Energy and Migratory Wildlife | Piorkowski, M., et al. | April 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
| The avian and wildlife costs of fossil fuels and nuclear power | Sovacool, B. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
| Bats are not birds and other problems with Sovacool's (2009) analysis of animal fatalities due to electricity generation | Willis, C., et al. | April 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
| Bird and Bat Species' Global Vulnerability to Collision Mortality at Wind Farms Revealed Through a Trait-Based Assessment | Thaxter, C., et al. | September 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
| Contextualizing Avian Mortality: A Preliminary Appraisal of Bird and Bat Fatalities from Wind, Fossil-Fuel, and Nuclear Electricity | Sovacool, B. | June 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
| Impacts of onshore wind energy production on birds and bats: recommendations for future life cycle impact assessment developments | Laranjeiro, T., May, R., Verones, F. | February 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds |
| An Analysis of Displacement from Wind Turbines in a Wintering Grassland Bird Community | Stevens, T., et al. | June 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Spatial Factors Affecting Statistical Power in Testing Marine Fauna Displacement | Lapeña, B., et al. | October 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Differential Recovery of Habitat Use by Birds after Wind Farm Installation: A Multi-Year Comparison | Farfan, M., et al. | May 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Displacement | Birds |
| A Unifying Framework for the Underlying Mechanisms of Avian Avoidance of Wind Turbines | May, R. | October 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Displacement | Birds |
| No Evidence of Displacement due to Wind Turbines in Breeding Grassland Songbirds | Hale, A., et al. | August 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Displacement | Birds |
| A synthesis of human-related avian mortality in Canada | Calvert, A., et al. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| A Theoretical Approach to Estimating Bird Risk of Collision with Wind Turbines Where Empirical Flight Activity Data Are Lacking | Furness, R., et al. | April 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| An Overview of Monitoring for Raptors in Bulgaria | Spasov, S., et al. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Avian Collision Threat Assessment at 'Bhambarwadi Wind Farm Plateau' in Northern Western Ghats, India | Pande, S., et al. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Assessing Risk to Birds from Industrial Wind Energy Development via Paired Resource Selection Models | Miller, T., et al. | January 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
| What is the Impact of Wind Farms on Birds? A Case Study in Southern Spain | Farfan, M., et al. | December 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Avian Collision Risk Models for Wind Energy Impact Assessments | Masden, E., Cook, A. | January 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Bird Mortality at a Wind-Energy Facility near a Wetland of International Importance | Grodsky, S., Jennelle, C., Drake, D. | November 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Canadian Estimate of Bird Mortality Due to Collisions and Direct Habitat Loss Associated with Wind Turbine Developments | Zimmerling, J., et al. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Collision and displacement vulnerability to offshore wind energy infrastructure among marine birds of the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf | Kelsey, E., et al. | September 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Collision Effects of Wind-power Generators and Other Obstacles on Birds | Drewitt, A., Langston, R. | June 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Differential Mortality of Birds Killed at Wind Farms in Northern Portugal | Morinha, F., et al. | March 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Direct human-caused mortality of birds: improving quantification of magnitude and assessment of population impact | Loss, S., Will, T., Marra, P. | September 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Direct Mortality of Birds from Anthropogenic Causes | Loss, S., Will, T., Marra, P. | December 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Dogs as a Tool to Improve Bird-Strike Mortality Estimates at Wind Farms | Paula, J., et al. | September 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Ecological Impacts of Wind Farms on Birds: Questions, Hypotheses, and Research Needs | Wang, S., Wang, S., Smith, P. | April 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Effectiveness of a mitigation measure for the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) in wind farms in Spain | Pescador, M., Ramírez, J., Peris, S. | February 2019 | Journal Article | Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Assessing the Impacts of Wind Farms on Birds | Drewitt, A., Langston, R. | March 2006 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Poor Evidence-Base For Assessment Of Windfarm Impacts On Birds | Steward, G., Pullin, A., Coles, C. | February 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Greater impacts of wind farms on bird populations during construction than subsequent operation: results of a multi-site and multi-species analysis | Pearce-Higgins, J., et al. | March 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Habitat Utilization in White-Tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) and the Displacement Impact of the Smøla Wind-Power Plant | May, R., et al. | March 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Mapping Seabird Sensitivity to Offshore Wind Farms | Bradbury, G., et al. | September 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Assessing Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for the Future | Bailey, H., Brookes, K., Thompson, P. | September 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Noise | Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals |
| Environmental Risk Evaluation System - An Approach to Ranking Risk of Ocean Energy Development on Coastal and Estuarine Environments | Copping, A., et al. | January 2015 | Journal Article | Marine Energy (General), Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| The impact of wind energy facilities on grouse: a systematic review | Coppes, J., et al. | August 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds |
| Changes in the Abundance and Distribution of Upland Breeding Birds at an Operational Wind Farm | Douglas, D., Bellamy, P., Pearce-Higgins, J. | February 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Shorebirds |
| Do Terrestrial Animals Avoid Areas Close to Turbines in Functioning Wind Farms in Agricultural Landscapes? | Łopucki, R., Klich, D., Gielarek, S. | June 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Terrestrial Mammals |
| A Special Purpose: The Migratory Bird Treaty Act and Wind Energy | Rose, R. | October 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy |
| Interpreting failure to reject the null hypothesis of displacement from wind turbines in three species of grassland birds: Response to Johnson (2016) | Hale, A. | July 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Displacement | Birds, Passerines |
| Nest Survival of Red-Winged Blackbirds in Agricultural Areas Developed for Wind Energy | Gillespie, M., Dinsmore, S. | December 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Passerines |
| Bird Migration Studies and Potential Collision Risk with Offshore Wind Turbines | Hüppop, O., et al. | March 2006 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Passerines |
| Influence of Behavior on Bird Mortality in Wind Energy Developments | Smallwood, K., Rugge, L., Morrison, M. | September 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl |
| Weak Relationship Between Risk Assessment Studies and Recorded Mortality in Wind Farms | Ferrer, M., et al. | February 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
| Reduced Breeding Success in White-Tailed Eagles at Smøla windfarm, Western Norway, is Caused by Mortality and Displacement | Dahl, E., et al. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Raptors |
| A long‐term assessment of raptor displacement at a wind farm | Dohm, R., et al. | July 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
| Reproductive output of Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus in relation to wind turbine proximity | Fernandez-Bellon, D., et al. | January 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
| Behavioural and Environmental Correlates of Soaring-Bird Mortality at On-Shore Wind Turbines | Barrios, L., Rodríguez, A. | February 2004 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
| Effects of Weather on Avian Migration at Proposed Ridgeline Wind Energy Sites | Thomas, P., et al. | May 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
| The energy landscape predicts flight height and wind turbine collision hazard in three species of large soaring raptor | Peron, G., et al. | December 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
| Effects of wind farms and food scarcity on a large scavenging bird species following an epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy | Martinez-Abrain, A., et al. | November 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors, Ecosystem Processes |
| The Effect of Avoidance Rates on Bird Mortality Predictions Made by Wind Turbine Collision Risk Models | Chamberlain, D., et al. | March 2006 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Waterfowl |
| Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea | Welcker, J., Nehls, G. | July 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds |
| Approaching Population Thresholds in Presence of Uncertainty: Assessing Displacement of Seabirds from Offshore Wind Farms | Busch, M., Garthe, S. | January 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Displacement | Birds, Seabirds |
| Assessing Seabird Displacement at Offshore Wind Farms: Power Ranges of a Monitoring and Data Handling Protocol | Vanermen, N., et al. | September 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Displacement | Birds, Seabirds |
| Seabird Avoidance and Attraction at an Offshore Wind Farm in the Belgian Part of the North Sea | Vanermen, N., et al. | September 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds |
| The Effects of Aero-Generators on Moorland Bird Populations in the Orkney Islands, Scotland | Meek, E., et al. | January 1993 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds |
| Effects of Wind Turbines on Flight Behaviour of Wintering Common Eiders: Implications for Habitat Use and Collision Risk | Larsen, J., Guillemette, M. | April 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds |
| Birds and Offshore Wind Farms: A Hot Topic in Marine Ecology | Exo, K., Hüppop, O., Garthe, S. | April 2003 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds |
| Future Directions in Conservation Research on Petrels and Shearwaters | Rodríguez, A., et al. | March 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds |
| Information Needs to Support Environmental Impact Assessments of the Effects of European Marine Offshore Wind Farms on Birds | Fox, A., et al. | March 2006 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment |
| No Evidence for Displacement of Wintering Red-breasted Geese Branta ruficollis (Pallas, 1769) (Anseriformes) at a Wind Farms Area in Northeast Bulgaria: Long-term Monitoring Results | Zahtindjiev, P., et al. | January 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Displacement | Birds, Waterfowl |
| Effect of wind energy development on breeding duck densities in the Prairie Pothole Region | Loesch, C., et al. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Waterfowl |
| Combining radar and direct observation to estimate pelican collision risk at a proposed wind farm on the Cape west coast, South Africa | Jenkins, A., et al. | February 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Waterfowl |
| Habitat Use, Disturbance and Collision Risks for Bewick's Swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii Wintering Near a Wind Farm in the Netherlands | Fijn, R., et al. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Waterfowl |
| Towards a Numerical Model to Simulate the Observed Displacement of Harbour Porpoises Phocoena phocoena Due to Pile Driving in Belgian Waters | Haelters, J., et al. | September 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Displacement, Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Short-Term Disturbance by a Commercial Two-Dimensional Seismic Survey does Not Lead to Long-Term Displacement of Harbour Porpoises | Thompson, P., et al. | November 2013 | Journal Article | Marine Energy (General), Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Displacement, Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| The Influence of Underwater Data Transmission Sounds on the Displacement Behaviour of Captive Harbour Seals (Phoca vitulina) | Kastelein, R., et al. | April 2005 | Journal Article | N/A | Displacement, Noise | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds |
| Raptor Displacement Due to the Construction of a Wind Farm: Preliminary Results After the First 2 Years Since the Construction | Campedelli, T., et al. | January 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Displacement | N/A |
| Wind turbines cause functional habitat loss for migratory soaring birds | Marques, A.,, et al. | February 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Displacement | Raptors |
| Effects of Wind Turbines on Area Use and Behaviour of Semi-Domestic Reindeer in Enclosures | Flydal, K., et al. | January 2004 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Displacement, Habitat Change | Terrestrial Mammals |
