Knowledge Base
The Knowledge Base provides access to information about the environmental effects of marine and wind energy, supporting OES-Environmental and WREN initiatives. Relevant documents and OES-Environmental metadata forms are compiled into a user-friendly table with advanced filtering. Filters may be selected on the right, or keywords entered in the Search Text box. Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers.
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| Title | Author* | Date** | Type of Content |
Technology Types |
Stressors | Receptors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avian/Wind Turbine Interactions: A Short Summary of Research Results and Remaining Questions | National Wind Coordinating Committee | September 2002 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds |
| Baseline Avian Use and Behavior at the CARES Wind Plant Site, Klickitat County, Washington: Final Report | Erickson, W., et al. | December 1999 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds |
| Effects of Wind Turbines on Upland Nesting Birds in Conservation Reserve Program Grasslands | Leddy, K., Higgins, K., Naugle, D. | September 1999 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Passerines |
| Avian Risk and Fatality Protocol | Morrison, M. | November 1998 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds |
| Avian Use of Norris Hill Wind Resource Area, Montana | Harmata, A., Podruzny, K., Zelenak, J. | July 1998 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds |
| Development of a Practical Modeling Framework for Estimating the Impact of Wind Technology on Bird Populations | Morrison, M., Pollack, K. | November 1997 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | N/A | Birds |
| A Population Study of Golden Eagles in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Second-Year Progress Report | Predatory Bird Research Group | July 1997 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds, Raptors |
| Effects of Wind Turbines on Nesting Raptors at Buffalo Ridge in Southwestern Minnesota | Usgaard, R., et al. | January 1997 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Habitat Change | Birds, Raptors |
| Proceedings of the National Avian - Wind Power Planning Meeting II | LGL | January 1996 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds |
| Monitoring of Seasonal Bird Activity and Mortality on Unit 2 at the Buffalo Ridge Windplant, Minnesota | Higgins, K., Dieter, C., Usgaard, R. | January 1995 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds |
| The Birds of Blyth Harbour | Still, D., et al. | June 1994 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Wind Power and Planning: The Environmental Impact of Windfarms in the UK | Coles, R., Taylor, J. | July 1993 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | N/A | Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy |
| Evaluation of an Acoustic Deterrent to Reduce Bat Mortalities at an Illinois Wind Farm | Romano, W., et al. | November 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Red bat fatality: Geographic extents through deuterium and niche models | Murtaugh, R., et al. | July 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Wind Power Guidelines | Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife | April 2009 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy |
| Draft Guidelines for the Review and Evaluation of Potential Natural Resources Impacts from Utility-Scale Wind Energy Facilities in Vermont | Agency of Natural Resources | April 2006 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy |
| Risks and Benefits of Wind Generated Electricity: Facts and Perceptions | Bosley, P., Bosley, K. | January 1992 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data |
| Altamont: Public Perceptions of a Wind Energy Landscape | Thayer, R., Freeman, C. | January 1987 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts |
| Environmental Aspects of Large-Scale Wind-Power Systems in the UK | Robson, A. | December 1983 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Noise | Birds, Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts |
| Assessment of Electromagnetic Interference Effects of the Solano Windfarm: Final Report | Sengupta, D., Ferris, J., Senior, T. | November 1981 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | EMF | Human Dimensions, Navigation |
| Simulating impacts of real-world wind farms on land surface temperature using the WRF model: physical mechanisms | Xia, G., et al. | March 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
| Population-Level Effects of Wind Farms on a Desert Lizard | Keehn, J., Shoemaker, K., Feldman, C. | January 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Habitat Change | Reptiles |
| Wind farms in the Icelandic highlands: Attitudes of local residents and tourism service providers | Ólafsdóttir, R., Sæþórsdóttir, A. | November 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Habitat Change | Human Dimensions, Recreation & Tourism |
| Attitudes of U.S. Wind Turbine Neighbors: Analysis of a Nationwide Survey | Hoen, B., et al. | November 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data |
| Environmental activism and vertical‐axis wind turbine preferences in California | Hui, I., Cain, B., Dabiri, J. | August 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data |
| The memory of place disruption, senses, and local opposition to Korean wind farms | Kim, E., Chung, J. | August 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data |
| Not in my hiking trail? Acceptance of wind farms in the Austrian Alps | Brudermann, T., Zaman, R., Posch, A. | July 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data |
| The energy landscape predicts flight height and wind turbine collision hazard in three species of large soaring raptor | Peron, G., et al. | December 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
| Environmental Effects of Small Wind Energy Conversion Systems (SWECS) | Lawrence, K., Strojan, C. | January 1980 | Book | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Birds |
| Estimating habitat loss due to wind turbine avoidance by bats: Implications for European siting guidance | Barre, K., et al. | August 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats |
| Evaluation of Wind‐Energy Survey Protocols for Migrating Eagle Detection | Chabot, E., Slater, S. | December 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Raptors |
| Experimental study of the impact of large-scale wind farms on land–atmosphere exchanges | Zhang, W., Markfort, C., Porte-Agel, F. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Habitat Change | Physical Environment |
| Flight Height Distribution and Collision Risk of the Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus Marmoratus: Methodology and Preliminary Results | Stumpf, J., et al. | January 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Seabirds |
| Flight Paths of Migrating Golden Eagles and the Risk Associated with Wind Energy Development in the Rocky Mountains | Johnson, N., et al. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds |
| Individual or collective? Community investment, local taxes, and the social acceptance of wind energy in Switzerland | Vuichard, P., Stauch, A., Dällenbach, N. | December 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement |
| Not in my back yard or not on my playground: Residents and tourists' attitudes towards wind turbines in Icelandic landscapes | Sæþórsdóttir, A., Ólafsdóttir, R. | February 2020 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts |
| Impacts of wind turbines on redheads in the Laguna Madre | Lange, C., Ballard, B., Collins, D. | January 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Waterfowl |
| The Influence of Wind Energy Development on Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus) Breeding Season Ecology in Eastern Idaho | Proett, M. | May 2017 | Thesis | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Habitat Change | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds |
| Eco-innovation to reduce biodiversity impacts of wind energy: Key examples and drivers in the UK | Roddis, P. | September 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy |
| Collision risk of Montagu's Harriers Circus pygargus with wind turbines derived from high‐resolution GPS tracking | Schaub, T., et al. | October 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds, Raptors |
| Resolving Conflicts Between Endangered Species Conservation and Renewable Energy Siting: Wiggle Room for Renewables? | Badichek, G. | January 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Climate Change, Legal & Policy |
| Wind Energy Essentials: Societal, Economic, and Environmental Impacts | Walker, R., Swift, A. | May 2015 | Book | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data |
| Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans: Public Health Issues | Walker, R., Swift, A. | May 2015 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | Collision, EMF, Lighting, Noise | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data |
| Changes in European wind energy generation potential within a 1.5 °C warmer world | Hosking, J., et al. | May 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Climate Change |
| Costs and consequences of wind turbine wake effects arising from uncoordinated wind energy development | Lundquist, J., et al. | November 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data |
| The impact of on-shore and off-shore wind turbine farms on property prices | Jensen, C., et al. | May 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data |
| Does more wind energy influence the choice of location for wind power development? Assessing the cumulative effects of daily wind turbine encounters in Denmark | Ladenburg, J. | November 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data |
| Economic Impacts and Benefits of Wind Energy Projects and Other Sources of Electric Generation | Walker, R., Swift, A. | May 2015 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data |
| Public Attitudes and Environmental Impacts of Wind Farms: A Review | Karydis, M. | February 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | N/A |
| Bird and Bat Collision Risks & Wind Energy Facilities | Willmott, J., et al. | December 2012 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
| Ecological Effects of Wind-Energy Development | National Resource Council | August 2007 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | N/A |
| Other Environmental Issues of Wind Energy Development: Aesthetics, Cultural Resources, Land Use Compatibility, Water Resources, and Site Restoration | Walker, R., Swift, A. | May 2015 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts |
| U.S. Geological Survey energy and wildlife research annual report for 2019 | Khalil, M. | September 2019 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | Bats, Birds, Fish, Terrestrial Mammals |
| Over the Sea and Far Away? A Consideration of the Planning, Politics and Public Perception of Offshore Wind Farms | Haggett, C. | August 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data |
| Impacts to Wildlife of Wind Energy Siting and Operation in the United States | Allison, T., et al. | September 2019 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds |
| Comparing offshore and onshore wind development considering acceptance costs | Hevia-Koch, P., Jacobsen, H. | February 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data |
| Seabed morphodynamics due to offshore wind farms | van der Veen, H., Hulscher, S., Lapeña, B. | July 2019 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
| The proportion of flatfish recruitment in the North Sea potentially affected by offshore windfarms | Barbut, L., et al. | April 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Fish |
| On the Potential Impact of Lake Erie Wind Farms on Water Temperatures and Mixed‐Layer Depths: Some Preliminary 1‐D Modeling Using COHERENS | Afsharian, S., Taylor, P. | February 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Water Quality |
| Wave Climate and Coastline Response of the Dutch Coast: Investigating the effect of large-scale offshore wind farm developments in the North Sea | Ballas, G. | November 2018 | Thesis | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
| Benthic production and energy export from man-made structures to softbottoms: does it matter? | Dannheim, J., et al. | September 2018 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Ecosystem Processes |
| A Review of Methods to Monitor Collisions or Micro-Avoidance of Birds with Offshore Wind Turbines - Part 1: Review Strategic Ornithological Support Services Project | Collier, M., Dirksen, S., Krijgsveld, K. | September 2011 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds |
| Barotrauma is a Significant Cause of Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines | Baerwald, E., et al. | August 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Bats |
| Life cycle cost-benefit analysis of offshore wind energy under the climatic conditions in Southeast Asia – Setting the bottom-line for deployment | Nian, V., Liu, Y., Zhong, S. | January 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment |
| The Life-Cycle Energy and Environmental Emissions of a Typical Offshore Wind Farm in China | Yang, J., et al. | April 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Chemicals | Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment |
| A Life Cycle Co-Benefits Assessment of Wind Power in China | Xue, B., et al. | January 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment |
| Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electricity Generated by Offshore Wind Farms | Reimers, B., Özdirik, B., Kaltschmitt, M. | December 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment |
| Consequential Environmental System Analysis of Expected Offshore Wind Electricity Production in Germany | Pehnt, M., Oeser, M., Swider, D. | May 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment |
| Sustainability and tourism: the effect of the United States’ first offshore wind farm on the vacation rental market | Carr-Harris, A., Lang, C. | August 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Recreation & Tourism, Visual Impacts |
| An Integrated Visual Impact Assessment Model for Offshore Windfarm Development | Depellegrin, D., Blažauskas, N., Egarter-Vigl, L. | September 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts |
| Refusal of planning consent for the Docking Shoal offshore wind farm: Stakeholder perspectives and lessons learned | Broadbent, I., Nixon, C. | June 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement |
| Stakeholder Perspectives on the Value of Marine Spatial Planning Towards Advancing Offshore Wind in the U.S. | Ryan, K., et al. | April 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement |
| Retrospective and Outlook for an Environmentally Sound Development of Offshore Wind Energy | Lüdeke, J. | January 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment |
| Horns Rev 2 Offshore Wind Farm Bird Monitoring Program 2010-2012 | Skov, H., et al. | December 2012 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Influence of Behavior on Bird Mortality in Wind Energy Developments | Smallwood, K., Rugge, L., Morrison, M. | September 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl |
| On the Multi-Scale Interactions Between an Offshore-Wind-Turbine Wake and the Ocean-Sediment Dynamics in an Idealized Framework - A Numerical Investigation | Nagel, T., et al. | January 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
| Failure Mode Identification and End of Life Scenarios of Offshore Wind Turbines: A Review | Luengo, M., Kolios, A. | August 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions |
| Environmental Impacts of Balancing Offshore Wind Power with Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) | Bouman, E., Øberg, M., Hertwich, E. | January 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Life Cycle Assessment |
| Assessing the Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Wind Power: A Review of Present Knowledge and Research Needs | Arvesen, A., Hertwich, E. | October 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Life Cycle Assessment |
| Obligations and aspirations: A critical evaluation of offshore wind farm cumulative impact assessments | Willsteed, E., et al. | February 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy |
| A Markov Model for Planning and Permitting Offshore Wind Energy: A Case Study of Radio-Tracked Terns in the Gulf of Maine, USA | Cranmer, A., et al. | May 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Seabirds |
| Preliminary Investigations of Bird-Turbine Collisions at Nysted Offshore Wind Farm and Final Quality Control of Thermal Animal Detection System (TADS) | Desholm, M. | January 2005 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl |
| Vulnerability of Scottish Seabirds to Offshore Wind Turbines | Furness, B., Wade, H. | February 2012 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change | Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Waterfowl |
| Potential Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms on North Sea Stratification | Carpenter, J., et al. | August 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Water Quality |
| Exploring the wakes of large offshore wind farms | Emeis, S., et al. | January 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
| Offshore Wind Farm Wake Effect on Stratification and Coastal Upwelling | Paskyabi, M. | December 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
| The Influence of Large Offshore Wind Farms on the North Sea and Baltic Sea - A Comprehensive Literature Review | Clark, S., Schroeder, F., Baschek, B. | December 2014 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Water Quality |
| Numerical Study for Wave-Induced Seabed Response around Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation in Donghai Offshore Wind Farm, Shanghai, China | Chang, K., Jeng, D. | July 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
| Large Eddy Simulation Studies of the Effects of Alignment and Wind Farm Length | Stevens, R., Gayme, D., Meneveau, C. | April 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
| Ecological Research at the Offshore Windfarm Alpha Ventus: Challenges, Results and Perspectives | Beiersdorf, A., Radecke, A. | January 2014 | Book | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | N/A |
| Environmental Impact of Wind Energy | Mann, J., Teilmann, J. | July 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | N/A |
| Modelling Potential Changes in Marine Biogeochemistry due to Large-Scale Offshore Wind Farms | van der Molen, J., Rees, J., Limpenny, S. | April 2013 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment |
| Screening Analysis for the Environmental Risk Evaluation System - Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Energy | Copping, A., Hanna, L. | September 2011 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | N/A |
| Final Environmental Assessment of Maine's Deepwater Offshore Floating Wind Turbine Testing and Demonstration Project | US Department of Energy | September 2011 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment |
| Offshore Wind Farms: Foundations and Influence on the Littoral Processes | Esteban, M., et al. | January 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
| Simulation Of Wave Damping Near Coast Due To Offshore Wind Farms | Alari, V., Raudsepp, U. | September 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | N/A |
| Ocean Wind Power Ecological Baseline Studies Final Report - Volume 1: Overview, Summary, and Application | Geo-Marine | July 2010 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | N/A |
| Oil and gas platforms as artificial substrates for epibenthic North Sea fauna: Effects of location and depth | Schutter, M., et al. | November 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Habitat Change | Fish, Invertebrates |
| Attraction of nocturnally migrating birds to artificial light: The influence of colour, intensity and blinking mode under different cloud cover conditions | Rebke, M., et al. | May 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Lighting | Birds |
| Benthic Conservation Features and Species Associated With Subsea Pipelines: Considerations for Decommissioning | Rouse, S., et al. | April 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction | Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy |
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